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THE TAX REFORM BILL-NEAR TERM EFFECTS
By J.P. Cunningham
Edited by Christopher J. Ryan
Forbes Information Services, Inc.
Date: 8/17/86
PREAMBLE:
This column is being presented to you readers on a limited test
basis. We would like to hear your feed-back. If enough interest
is generated, we will then attempt to continue this column.
STORY:
The House and Senate are close to agreement on a sweeping new tax
code. The new law will eliminate many business and personal
deductions and will reduce marginal tax rates. Personal tax
rates will fall from the current maximum rate of 50% to 33% for
some high earners, due to the loss of their personal deduction,
28% for married couples filing jointly with incomes over $29,750
and for single individuals with incomes over $17,850. Other
taxpayers would face a marginal rate of 15%, and it is estimated
that 6,000,000 people would no longer have to file a return. The
maximum corporate tax rate will fall to 34% from the current 46%.
However, the tax on long term capital gains will rise from 20% to
28%. One unexpected piece of news is that 1987 will be a
transitional year, with 5 tax brackets for individuals, ranging
from 11% to 38.5%. The transition is the most important part of
the bill for short-term business planning, but the least talked
about.
How will the tax changes affect business? We can get some idea
by looking at the effects of the 1981 reform bill. Our last
major reform, in 1981, was followed by a severe recession. Does
this mean another recession is coming? No, because the 1981-82
recession was the result of 3 forces, all of which will be
mitigated this time. The forces which caused the 1981-82
recession were; 1) The continuing adjustment to the move toward a
"Third Wave" society, as described by Alvin Toffler. The change
away from mass production industries like steel was faster and
harsher than expected. Employment at USX (formerly US Steel) in
the Mon Valley in Pennsylvania fell from 23,000 in 1981 to fewer
than 5,000 (many of them in non-steel activities) in 1986. 2) An
unexpectedly restrictive monetary policy by the Federal Reserve
Board. Cutting the rate of growth of the money supply reduced
inflation and interest rates, but, as with any change, there was
an adjustment cost. As the inflation rate fell, some prices not
only stopped rising but actually fell, making it difficult for
the businesses affected to pay their fixed costs. 3) Perhaps the
key reason for the 1981-82 recession was the timing of the tax
cuts. Most people believe there was a tax cut in 1981. This is
untrue. There was a tax reform in 1981, but almost every
American got no tax relief until January, 1983 (the first month
unemployment fell). On October 1, 1981 federal tax rates were
reduced 5%. Did this mean that people's taxes were cut by 5% in
1981? No, for three reasons.
First, the tax cut was "effective October 1." But the IRS does
not distinguish income by the month it was earned, but by the
year it was earned. Thus the 1981 cut was only 1.25%.
Second, there was still bracket creep. Marginal taxes-the rate
you pay on the last dollars you earn in the year- were increasing
faster than inflation or average income.
Third, Social Security taxes were (and are) still increasing.
The maximum "contribution" rose from $3,175 in 1980 to $3,950 in
1981 (it was $6,049 in 1985).
The postponement of the cuts, bracket creep, and Social Security
hikes amounted to a tax increase, not a cut, in 1981 and 1982.
Only on January 1, 1983 did a true tax cut- and recovery- finally
come.
Now it is late 1986. Another recession is unlikely because the
above mentioned causes will either not recur or will be less
severe. The transition to a post-industrial society continues,
but at least now it is anticipated. Much of the cost- in
bankruptcies, unemployment, and relocation- has already been
paid. Also, there is now more flexibility to adjust to the
future, by retraining or automating, than there was in 1981, when
the new conditions seemed temporary. We have learned from our
mistakes.
Monetary policy is likely to be stable as well, mainly because
the cost of bringing inflation and interest rates down has
largely been paid.
One "crisis" to beware is the penchant of Congress to "do
something" about the trade deficit. The new tax code will result
in continuing large US trade deficits, but this will not be a
sign of weakness, but of prosperity. By reducing taxes, the US
becomes a more favorable place to invest than other countries.
This causes foreign capital to flow to the United States. But
foreign investors must deal in dollars, not their own currencies,
in order to invest in the US. How do they get dollars? By
selling goods to Americans. Thus, the trade deficit is really a
sign of competitiveness, not weakness.
One other item of concern is the transition in 1987. Because
people now know that taxes will be lower in 1988 than 1987 or
1986, there is an incentive to rearrange income across time, as
was done in 1981 and 1982. One should not be shocked to see a
slowdown in business activity through the end of 1987. However,
for the reasons stated above, a major recession of the severity
of 1981-82 is unlikely. Expect a major upturn to begin in
January 1988, for the same reason it did in 1983.
END
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Phone: (718)624-6199
Copyright 1986 Forbes Information Services, Inc.
This document, or any portion, may not be copied, tranmitted or
otherwise used without the prior written consent of Forbes
Information Services, Inc.