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- THE TAX REFORM BILL-NEAR TERM EFFECTS
-
- By J.P. Cunningham
- Edited by Christopher J. Ryan
- Forbes Information Services, Inc.
-
- Date: 8/17/86
-
- PREAMBLE:
-
- This column is being presented to you readers on a limited test
- basis. We would like to hear your feed-back. If enough interest
- is generated, we will then attempt to continue this column.
-
- STORY:
-
- The House and Senate are close to agreement on a sweeping new tax
- code. The new law will eliminate many business and personal
- deductions and will reduce marginal tax rates. Personal tax
- rates will fall from the current maximum rate of 50% to 33% for
- some high earners, due to the loss of their personal deduction,
- 28% for married couples filing jointly with incomes over $29,750
- and for single individuals with incomes over $17,850. Other
- taxpayers would face a marginal rate of 15%, and it is estimated
- that 6,000,000 people would no longer have to file a return. The
- maximum corporate tax rate will fall to 34% from the current 46%.
- However, the tax on long term capital gains will rise from 20% to
- 28%. One unexpected piece of news is that 1987 will be a
- transitional year, with 5 tax brackets for individuals, ranging
- from 11% to 38.5%. The transition is the most important part of
- the bill for short-term business planning, but the least talked
- about.
-
- How will the tax changes affect business? We can get some idea
- by looking at the effects of the 1981 reform bill. Our last
- major reform, in 1981, was followed by a severe recession. Does
- this mean another recession is coming? No, because the 1981-82
- recession was the result of 3 forces, all of which will be
- mitigated this time. The forces which caused the 1981-82
- recession were; 1) The continuing adjustment to the move toward a
- "Third Wave" society, as described by Alvin Toffler. The change
- away from mass production industries like steel was faster and
- harsher than expected. Employment at USX (formerly US Steel) in
- the Mon Valley in Pennsylvania fell from 23,000 in 1981 to fewer
- than 5,000 (many of them in non-steel activities) in 1986. 2) An
- unexpectedly restrictive monetary policy by the Federal Reserve
- Board. Cutting the rate of growth of the money supply reduced
- inflation and interest rates, but, as with any change, there was
- an adjustment cost. As the inflation rate fell, some prices not
- only stopped rising but actually fell, making it difficult for
- the businesses affected to pay their fixed costs. 3) Perhaps the
- key reason for the 1981-82 recession was the timing of the tax
- cuts. Most people believe there was a tax cut in 1981. This is
- untrue. There was a tax reform in 1981, but almost every
- American got no tax relief until January, 1983 (the first month
- unemployment fell). On October 1, 1981 federal tax rates were
- reduced 5%. Did this mean that people's taxes were cut by 5% in
- 1981? No, for three reasons.
-
- First, the tax cut was "effective October 1." But the IRS does
- not distinguish income by the month it was earned, but by the
- year it was earned. Thus the 1981 cut was only 1.25%.
-
- Second, there was still bracket creep. Marginal taxes-the rate
- you pay on the last dollars you earn in the year- were increasing
- faster than inflation or average income.
-
- Third, Social Security taxes were (and are) still increasing.
- The maximum "contribution" rose from $3,175 in 1980 to $3,950 in
- 1981 (it was $6,049 in 1985).
-
- The postponement of the cuts, bracket creep, and Social Security
- hikes amounted to a tax increase, not a cut, in 1981 and 1982.
- Only on January 1, 1983 did a true tax cut- and recovery- finally
- come.
-
- Now it is late 1986. Another recession is unlikely because the
- above mentioned causes will either not recur or will be less
- severe. The transition to a post-industrial society continues,
- but at least now it is anticipated. Much of the cost- in
- bankruptcies, unemployment, and relocation- has already been
- paid. Also, there is now more flexibility to adjust to the
- future, by retraining or automating, than there was in 1981, when
- the new conditions seemed temporary. We have learned from our
- mistakes.
-
- Monetary policy is likely to be stable as well, mainly because
- the cost of bringing inflation and interest rates down has
- largely been paid.
-
- One "crisis" to beware is the penchant of Congress to "do
- something" about the trade deficit. The new tax code will result
- in continuing large US trade deficits, but this will not be a
- sign of weakness, but of prosperity. By reducing taxes, the US
- becomes a more favorable place to invest than other countries.
- This causes foreign capital to flow to the United States. But
- foreign investors must deal in dollars, not their own currencies,
- in order to invest in the US. How do they get dollars? By
- selling goods to Americans. Thus, the trade deficit is really a
- sign of competitiveness, not weakness.
-
- One other item of concern is the transition in 1987. Because
- people now know that taxes will be lower in 1988 than 1987 or
- 1986, there is an incentive to rearrange income across time, as
- was done in 1981 and 1982. One should not be shocked to see a
- slowdown in business activity through the end of 1987. However,
- for the reasons stated above, a major recession of the severity
- of 1981-82 is unlikely. Expect a major upturn to begin in
- January 1988, for the same reason it did in 1983.
-
- END
-
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